{"id":4407,"date":"2025-10-08T18:17:21","date_gmt":"2025-10-08T14:47:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pirhaniway.com\/blog\/?p=4407"},"modified":"2025-10-12T12:51:36","modified_gmt":"2025-10-12T09:21:36","slug":"abbreviations-in-english-writing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/pirhaniway.com\/blog\/abbreviations-in-english-writing\/","title":{"rendered":"\u06f5 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc | \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u062d\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u060c \u0628\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc<\/strong> \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0647\u200c\u0631\u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u06cc\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u0646 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u062f\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0647\u0654 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0634\u0631\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f. \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u200c\u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0642\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u06cc \u0648 \u062d\u0631\u0641\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u0646\u062b\u0631 \u06a9\u0645\u06a9 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9\u200c\u062f\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0628\u06cc\u200c\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647\u060c \u067e\u0646\u062c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u067e\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f e.g.\u060c i.e.\u060c etc.\u060c vs. \u0648 cf.<\/strong> \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0646\u06a9\u0627\u062a \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631\u0634\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645. \u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0647\u0654 \u0633\u0631\u06cc\u0639 \u0648 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0622\u06a9\u0627\u062f\u0645\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646\u06cc <\/strong><\/a>\u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0648\u06cc\u062f\u06cc\u0648\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0633 \u06cc\u0648\u062a\u06cc\u0648\u0628<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u06f5 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

e.g. \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0654 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647\u200c \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647<\/h2>\n

e.g.<\/strong> \u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0646 exempli gratia<\/strong> \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u06cc \u00ab\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u00bb \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0648\u0642\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06cc\u0627 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u062a\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u0630\u0647\u0646\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u0646\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0632 e.g. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645. \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u06cc\u0650 \u0622\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 e.g. \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647\u200c \u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f. \u062f\u0642\u062a \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 e.g. \u0628\u0627 i.e. \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0647\u0648\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f: e.g. \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0647 i.e. \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u06cc\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u0646\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0650 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0632\u060c \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u062c \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u0648 \u062d\u0631\u0641\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0686\u0634\u0645\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • \n

    \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0654 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0654 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0632: (e.g., X, Y, Z)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631\u0634 \u0622\u06a9\u0627\u062f\u0645\u06cc\u06a9 \u0648 \u062d\u0631\u0641\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u0634\u0646\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u06cc\u0639\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0634 \u0647\u0645\u0647\u0654 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    \u0627\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0644 \u0648 \u06af\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0634\u200c\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0647\u200c\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

     <\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. \n

      You should eat more fruits, e.g., apples and oranges
      \u00ab\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u0648\u0647\u0654 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u062e\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644<\/strong> \u0633\u06cc\u0628 \u0648 \u067e\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644.\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    2. \n

      We need experts in data tools, e.g., SQL, Python, and Tableau
      \u00ab\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b<\/strong> SQL\u060c \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0648 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648.\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    3. \n

      Consider renewable sources (e.g., solar and wind) for long-term sustainability
      \u00ab\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u062a\u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644<\/strong> \u062e\u0648\u0631\u0634\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u0648 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0645\u062f\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0628\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062f.\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

       <\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      i.e. \u2014 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u0648 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0645<\/h2>\n

      i.e. <\/strong>\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0632 id est<\/strong> \u0644\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c \u0622\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u00ab\u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc\/\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u00bb \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06af\u0648\u06cc\u06cc \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0650 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631<\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0654 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u0645\u062c\u062f\u062f \u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a \u062a\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a \u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u06a9 \u0622\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u060c \u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 i.e. \u062a\u0631\u062c\u06cc\u062d \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06a9\u062b \u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u0628\u0648\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0628\u062e\u0634\u062f. \u0628\u0647\u200c \u0645\u062d\u0636 \u0622\u0646\u200c \u06a9\u0647 \u0642\u0635\u062f \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c i.e. \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u0654 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644:<\/p>\n

        \n
      • \n

        \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0628\u0647\u0645<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

      • \n

        \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

      • \n

        \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u00abthat is\u00bb \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u06cc<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

         <\/p>\n

         <\/p>\n

        \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. \n

          We\u2019ll meet at the HQ, i.e., the main office downtown
          \u00ab\u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0641\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632\u06cc \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc<\/strong> \u062f\u0641\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632 \u0634\u0647\u0631.\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

        2. \n

          This course targets intermediate learners, i.e., B1\u2013B2
          \u00ab\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0631\u0627 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u062f\u060c \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc<\/strong> \u0633\u0637\u0648\u062d B1 \u062a\u0627 B2.\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

        3. \n

          He specializes in phonetics, i.e., the study of speech sounds
          \u00ab\u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u200c\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc<\/strong> \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u0654 \u0622\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06af\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631.\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

           <\/p>\n

           <\/p>\n

           <\/p>\n

          etc. \u2014 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0646\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645<\/h2>\n

          etc.<\/strong> \u06a9\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0647\u200c \u0634\u062f\u0647 et cetera<\/strong> \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u00ab\u0648 \u0686\u06cc\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u00bb \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc\u0645 \u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0654 \u0636\u0645\u0646\u06cc<\/strong> \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0654 \u0628\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0647 \u0627\u0632 etc. \u062a\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f\u061b \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0654 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0633\u067e\u0633\u060c \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0627 etc. \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u062f. \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0647\u0654 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06cc etc. \u0628\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0647\u0654 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u062a\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0647\u200c\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0647 (\u2026) \u0647\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0627 etc. \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628 e.g. \u0648 etc. \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0648 \u06a9\u0645\u200c\u062f\u0642\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0642\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n

           <\/p>\n

           <\/p>\n

          \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644:<\/p>\n

            \n
          • \n

            \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a \u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0654 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

          • \n

            \u0645\u062a\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0648 \u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0631\u0633\u0645\u06cc\u061b \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u06a9\u0627\u062f\u0645\u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u062f<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

          • \n

            \u0647\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0627 e.g. \u0646\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0622\u06cc\u062f (\u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0632\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u00ab\u0648 \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u00bb \u0628\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

             <\/p>\n

             <\/p>\n

            \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. \n

              Please bring notebooks, pens, sticky notes, etc
              \u00ab\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0686\u0647\u060c \u062e\u0648\u062f\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0631\u06af\u0647\u0654 \u06cc\u0627\u062f\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a \u0648 \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0647<\/strong> \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u062f.\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

            2. \n

              This store sells spices like cumin, turmeric, paprika, etc
              \u00ab\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u062f\u0648\u06cc\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0632\u0631\u062f\u0686\u0648\u0628\u0647\u060c \u067e\u0627\u067e\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627 \u0648 \u2026<\/strong> \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0634\u062f.\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

            3. \n

              We need cables, adapters, chargers, etc., for the workshop
              \u00ab\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0644\u060c \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0698\u0631 \u0648 \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0647<\/strong> \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0645.\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

               <\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

              vs. \u2014 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0648 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u200c \u0628\u0647\u200c \u0631\u0648<\/h2>\n

              \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc vs. <\/strong>\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0641 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u062f\u0631 versus<\/strong> \u0644\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u06cc \u00ab\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631\/\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u00bb \u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0648\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0647\u200c \u0627\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc A\/B \u0648 \u062d\u062a\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u0641\u0635\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634\u06cc \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0627 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u06a9\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0647\u200c\u062a\u0631 v.<\/strong> \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u062c \u0627\u0633\u062a (\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f Brown v. Board of Education)\u061b \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u060c \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634\u06cc \u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0648\u06cc\u0646\u060c vs.<\/strong> \u0641\u0631\u0627\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631\u0634\u06cc\u060c \u06cc\u06a9\u200c\u062f\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631\u0634 (vs. \u06cc\u0627 v.) \u0648 \u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0647\u200c\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u0641\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc\u200c\u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

              \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644:<\/p>\n

                \n
              • \n

                \u062a\u06cc\u062a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc: X vs. Y<\/em><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

              • \n

                \u0646\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\/\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0648 A\/B<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

              • \n

                \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0631\u0632\u0634\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u062a\u06cc<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                 <\/p>\n

                 <\/p>\n

                \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. \n

                  ?IELTS vs. TOEFL: Which suits your goals
                  \u00ab\u0622\u06cc\u0644\u062a\u0633 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0641\u0644<\/strong>: \u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u061f\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                2. \n

                  Online classes vs. in-person sessions: pros and cons
                  \u00ab\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0646\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631<\/strong> \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631\u06cc: \u0645\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0627 \u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u06cc\u0628.\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                3. \n

                  Formal vs. informal tone in academic writing
                  \u00ab\u0644\u062d\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631<\/strong> \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0631\u0633\u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u06a9\u0627\u062f\u0645\u06cc\u06a9.\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  cf. \u2014 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634<\/h2>\n

                  cf.<\/strong> \u0627\u0632 confer<\/strong> \u0644\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0622\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u06cc \u00ab\u0645\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0647 \u06a9\u0646 \u0628\u0627\/\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u06a9\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u00bb \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06cc \u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0639\u0648\u062a \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0647\u0654 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u06cc<\/strong> \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0627 \u00absee\u00bb \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f: \u00absee\u00bb \u0635\u0631\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 cf.<\/strong> \u0627\u0632 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u062c\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0622\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0632 \u0648 \u0647\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u061b \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u067e\u06cc\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u06a9\u0645\u06a9 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0686\u0627\u0631\u0686\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u06cc \u0646\u06af\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644:<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • \n

                    \u067e\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u200c\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0650 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0647\u0654 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                  • \n

                    \u0631\u0647\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u200c\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u06cc\u0647\u0654 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                  • \n

                    \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u200c\u0645\u0646\u062f \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                     <\/p>\n

                     <\/p>\n

                    \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    1. \n

                      This view has been contested (cf. Smith, 2020, pp. 45\u201347)
                      \u00ab\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0686\u0627\u0644\u0634 \u06a9\u0634\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a (\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0627<\/strong> \u0627\u0633\u0645\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u06f2\u06f0\u06f2\u06f0\u060c \u0635\u0635. \u06f4\u06f5\u2013\u06f4\u06f7).\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                    2. \n

                      For alternative models, cf. Johnson (2019)
                      \u00ab\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0644\u06af\u0648\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0627<\/strong> \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646 (\u06f2\u06f0\u06f1\u06f9).\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                    3. \n

                      Cf. recent meta-analyses on task-based learning
                      \u00ab\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0627<\/strong> \u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u062e\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0654 \u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u062a\u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u0641.\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                       <\/p>\n

                       <\/p>\n

                       <\/p>\n

                      \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0647 \u06f5 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                      \u00a0\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631<\/span><\/th>\n\u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc<\/span><\/th>\n\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f<\/span><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                      e.g.<\/td>\n\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644<\/td>\n\u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      i.e.<\/td>\n\u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \/ \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631<\/td>\n\u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u060c \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      etc.<\/td>\n\u0648 \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0647<\/td>\n\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0646\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      vs.<\/td>\n\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631 \/ \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644<\/td>\n\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0648\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc\u060c \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      cf.<\/td>\n\u0645\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0647 \u06a9\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \/ \u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u06a9\u0646 \u0628\u0647<\/td>\n\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0647<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                       <\/p>\n

                       <\/p>\n

                       <\/p>\n

                      FAQ (\u067e\u0631\u0633\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u062a\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0631)<\/h2>\n

                      \u06f1) \u0622\u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0632 e.g. \u0648 i.e. \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0645\u061f<\/p>\n

                      \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u06a9 \u0622\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 e.g. \u0648 i.e. \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0627<\/strong> \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0622\u06cc\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u0645\u06cc \u0622\u0632\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n

                      \u06f2) vs. \u0628\u0627 v. \u0686\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0642\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u061f<\/p>\n

                      \u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0632 versus \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0627 v.<\/strong> \u0634\u0627\u06cc\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a (\u0645\u062b\u0644 Brown v. Board). \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u060c \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634\u06cc \u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 vs.<\/strong> \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u062c\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n

                      \u06f3) \u0622\u06cc\u0627 \u0622\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u062d \u0627\u0633\u062a\u061f<\/p>\n

                      \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc<\/strong> \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0654 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647<\/strong> \u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0632<\/strong> \u0628\u0647\u200c\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0628\u0631\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n

                       <\/p>\n

                       <\/p>\n

                       <\/p>\n

                      \u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc<\/h2>\n

                      \u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u062b\u0644 e.g.\u060c i.e.\u060c etc.\u060c vs. \u0648 cf. \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u0641\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0633\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0631 \u0635\u0631\u0641\u0647\u200c\u062c\u0648\u06cc\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0648\u06cc\u0698\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u06cc \u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0628\u0631 \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f. \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0645\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u062e\u0634\u06cc \u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0628\u06a9 \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0648 \u0644\u0630\u062a\u200c\u0628\u062e\u0634\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u062f.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                      \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647\u060c \u067e\u0646\u062c \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u067e\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc e.g.\u060c i.e.\u060c etc.\u060c vs. \u0648 cf. \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d \u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u060c \u0646\u06a9\u0627\u062a \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631\u0634\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u0641\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[909,648,914,905,907,910,622,906,904,912,748,911,913,908],"class_list":["post-4407","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-resource-bank","tag-cf---","tag-pirhaniway","tag-914","tag-905","tag-907","tag-910","tag-622","tag--e-g--i-e","tag-904","tag---e-g--i-e","tag-748","tag----vs--","tag-913","tag--etc--","content_level-introduction"],"yoast_head":"\n\u06f5 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc | \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc | \u0622\u06a9\u0627\u062f\u0645\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u06f5 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u0641\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u062f \u0628\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062f\u061b \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a e.g. \u0628\u0627 i.e. \u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u062f!\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/pirhaniway.com\/blog\/abbreviations-in-english-writing\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fa_IR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u06f5 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc | \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u06f5 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u0641\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u062f \u0628\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062f\u061b \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a e.g. \u0628\u0627 i.e. \u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u062f!\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/pirhaniway.com\/blog\/abbreviations-in-english-writing\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"\u0622\u06a9\u0627\u062f\u0645\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646\u06cc\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/profile.php?id=61561232758270\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-10-08T14:47:21+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-10-12T09:21:36+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"\u0647\u062f\u06cc\u0647 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@pirhaniway\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@pirhaniway\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0633\u062a\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"\u0647\u062f\u06cc\u0647 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"7 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0647\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/pirhaniway.com\/blog\/abbreviations-in-english-writing\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/pirhaniway.com\/blog\/abbreviations-in-english-writing\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"\u0647\u062f\u06cc\u0647 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/pirhaniway.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/69e177e7cb2b3431583b8cb8ef4a1360\"},\"headline\":\"\u06f5 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc | \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-10-08T14:47:21+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-10-12T09:21:36+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/pirhaniway.com\/blog\/abbreviations-in-english-writing\/\"},\"wordCount\":289,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/pirhaniway.com\/blog\/#organization\"},\"keywords\":[\"cf. \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631\u0634 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u06cc\",\"pirhaniway\",\"\u0622\u06a9\u0627\u062f\u0645\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\",\"\u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc\",\"\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0622\u06a9\u0627\u062f\u0645\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc\",\"\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u067e\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc\",\"\u067e\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646\u06cc\",\"\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a e.g. \u0648 i.e.\",\"\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc\",\"\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc e.g. \u0648 i.e.\",\"\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0633\u0647 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646\u06cc\",\"\u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 vs. \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc\",\"\u0646\u06a9\u0627\u062a \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631\u0634\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc\",\"\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc etc. \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc\"],\"articleSection\":[\"\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06a9 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\u067e\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646\u06cc\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/pirhaniway.com\/blog\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2025-10-08T14:47:21+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-10-12T09:21:36+00:00\",\"description\":\"\u06f5 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u0641\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u062f \u0628\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062f\u061b \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a e.g. \u0628\u0627 i.e. \u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u062f!\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/pirhaniway.com\/blog\/abbreviations-in-english-writing\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"fa-IR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/pirhaniway.com\/blog\/abbreviations-in-english-writing\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/pirhaniway.com\/blog\/abbreviations-in-english-writing\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/pirhaniway.com\/blog\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"\u06f5 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc | \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/pirhaniway.com\/blog\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/pirhaniway.com\/blog\/\",\"name\":\"\u0622\u06a9\u0627\u062f\u0645\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646\u06cc\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/pirhaniway.com\/blog\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/pirhaniway.com\/blog\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"fa-IR\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/pirhaniway.com\/blog\/#organization\",\"name\":\"\u0622\u06a9\u0627\u062f\u0645\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 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\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fa-IR\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/pirhaniway.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/pirhaniway.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/cropped-shabani-Avatar-96x96.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/pirhaniway.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/cropped-shabani-Avatar-96x96.jpg\",\"caption\":\"\u0647\u062f\u06cc\u0647 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc\"},\"description\":\"\\\"Learning a new language is like becoming another person.\\\" \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u062f\u06cc\u0647 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0648 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f3\u06f9\u06f5 \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0633 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u067e\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0645. \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u06a9\u0645\u06a9 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0632\u0645\u0648\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0622\u0632\u0645\u0648\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0622\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f.\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/pirhaniway.com\/blog\/author\/h-shaabani\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"\u06f5 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc | \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc | \u0622\u06a9\u0627\u062f\u0645\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646\u06cc","description":"\u06f5 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u0641\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u062f \u0628\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062f\u061b \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a e.g. \u0628\u0627 i.e. \u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 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